Introduction
Citrus can be described as an evergreen plant or small tree belonging to the family Rutaceae that are that are grown in subtropical, tropical and temperate zones, includes citrus fruits, Mandarins, Tangerines, Limes grapefruits Lemons and Citrons along with various hybrids and varieties 11. Fruits mature between mid-December to April in the Northern Hemisphere particularly oranges and grapefruits. There is also the fruits are available throughout the time around.
Citrus fruit is one of the most valuable fruits across the globe, because of health-related components and beneficial components, which include vitamin C, carotenoids flavonoids, pectin Calcium, Potassium...etc. Citrus fruit is considered to be a precious source of both soluble and insoluble fiber, which has many benefits like removing harmful effects on the body 22. Fiber can improve gastric adsorption of the small intestine. It also reduces the absorption of energy and improves the functioning of the bile duct as well as the liver. The citrus fruit contains more phytonutrients, flavonoids, terpenes and flavonoids and a range of phenolic compounds Vitamin C, carotenoids and vitamins.
There are a variety of active compounds derived from citrus fruits such as grapefruits, lemons and sweet oranges, which are used to treat hypertension and other species of citrus are considered to be to be a potential source of antioxidant against heart disease as well as anticancer, inflammation inducing, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Each component of citrus fruits has active ingredients. It is found in the fruit flush juice, peel and seeds based on varieties and maturity levels.
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Botanical of Citrus
Citrus is a genus belonging to the family Rutaceae comprising 130 genera and a variety of important varieties. the evergreen and aromatic plant or small tree that is indigenous of South-East Asia, but now cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions across the globe around 70 percent of the world's production of citrus is cultivated in the Northern Hemisphere, in particular, Mediterranean region and the United States, although Brazil and South Africa in Southern Hemisphere. The global production of citrus reaches 124.25 million tonnes in 2016 China is the world's largest producer of citrus. It is followed by Brazil, India, USA, Spain, Mexico, Egypt, Iran, and South Africa.
Citrus fruit is divided into various groups according to:
- Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) It includes Common orange Navel orange Blood orange as well as Valencia orange.
- Orange that is sour (Citrus aurantium) bitter orange, and its varieties
- Mandarin and Tangerine (Citrus reticulata of Swingle) or (Citrus Deliciosa of Tanaka) (Citrus deliciosa of Tanaka) are easy to peel citrus. It includes varieties with a yellow and orange peels, such as Satsuma mandarin Dancy tangerine and other varieties can ripen earlier than December, like Clementine or satsuma mandarin. However late varieties could be picked in the end of August or September, as Murcott or Pixie mandarins.
- Lemon (Citrus Limon) A. Lemon (Citrus limon): Fruits mature through the time, including Eureka, Lisbon and Meyer lemon.
and. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) includes Mexican lime Indian lime Tahitian lime Bearss lime, key lime. These fruits maturing throughout the year.
- Other kindsof: Citron Kumquat, apricot, and Pomelos.
The citrus fruits are the rich source of phytochemicals, which are beneficial to the human body as bioactive medications, Phytochemicals are naturally found in the juices of citrus and are involved in the physiological processes and metabolic changes in the human body. in addition, citrus juice and fruits have the unique benefit of essential nutrients. These nutrients help to fight off a variety of chronic illnesses. Citrus juice has health benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer. Besides that the juice of citrus contains less cholesterol, which is beneficial for diabetic sufferers.
